MINISTER OP EDINBURGH, AND ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS
FROM THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND TO THE ASSEMBLY OF DIVINES AT
WESTMINSTER
BIOGRAPHY
THE memory of eminent men, who have performed services of
great importance to their country, and who have filled conspicuous places with
much reputation, ought to be greatly respected. In such respect is the memory
of that illustrious statesman, the strenuous, yet temperate, Assertor of the
liberties of his country, John Hampden, still held by his grateful countrymen,
that, it is said, some years ago, one of his descendants being deficient in an
account of public money, he was exonerated from the debt due to Government by
an Act of Parliament, particularly expressing that it was for the services his
illustrious relation had done to his country that this mark of favour was shown
to him. Certainly less honour ought not to be paid to the memory of this
eminent Reformer, who is the subject of the following Memoir, and who
cheerfully performed many remarkable services of very great importance to his
country, and to the church of Christ. And, both his character, and the
particulars of his life, are highly interesting to us, who make a orofession of
adherence to Reformed principles.
Alexander Hendcrson probably was born
about the year 1583. But of his parents, of the place of his birth, or of the
circumstances of the early part of his life, I have not been able to obtain any
authentic information. Being intended for the service of the church, he was
sent to the University of St. Andrew's, to complete his education, about the
commencement of the 17th century. Here he wais eminently distinguished by his
rare abilities, and close application to his studies. And he soon became very
conspicuous for his great proficiency in different branches of learning, which
justly entitled him to respectful notice. And, after having finished the usual
course of studies, and passed his degrees with applause, he was chosen teacher
of a class of philosophy and rhetoric in the above-mentioned University. He was
one of the professors of St. Andrew's in the year 1611; for his name is affixed
to a letter of thanks to the king, on occasion of his having founded a library
in the College, by the Rector, Deans of Faculty, and other masters of the
University of St. Andrew's, dated 4th May 1611
The Church of Scotland was
in a very deplorable condition, about this time. The liberty of her Assemblies
was greatly infringed; for the king claimed an absolute power over them, and
arbitrarily changed both the time and place of meeting by his proclamations.
Ministers in the Church were commonly introduced to vote as bishops in the
Parliament. And some of them were craftily nominated to the titles of
bishoprics on the occasion. The king reckoned, that equality among ministers
could not agree with a monarchy; and that without bishops the three Estates in
Parliament could net be firmly established; and therefore he very warmly and
artfully urged the creation of bishops. And these creatures of his basely
flattered him, in his crafty designs; and he conferred upon them preferment and
worldly grandeur.
And thus Episcopacy, closely attended with its numerous
train of evils, was keenly obtruded upon the Church of Christ in Scotland,
after she had deliberately, religiously, and very solemnly, cast off this heavy
and insufferable yoke. And, that the way might be the more speedily prepared,
and the gates the more easily and widely opened, for the entrance of
Episcopacy, with its large train of ceremonies, and external splendour, into
the city of the Lord, her most able ministers, and eminently faithful watchmen,
were most shamefully and unjustly silenced, imprisoned, and either banished
from the king's dominions, under the pain of death, as the six imprisoned in
Blackness were, or forcibly driven into obscure and remote corners of the land,
where only a small number could be profited by their ministry, and where they
had no opportunity of effectually opposing the corrupt measures of the king and
court. That renowned servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, most powerful preacher,
and zealous and courageous opponent of Episcopacy, Mr Robert Bruce, was very
unfairly excluded from his ministry in Edinburgh, and left in this condition,
even at the time of the king's exaltation, and removal from Edinburgh to
London. And, after Mr Bruce had been much harassed, and inhibited to preach, he
was shut up in Inverness, a town in the north of Scotland, on the 27th Aug.
1605, where he remained four years, teached every Sabbath before noon, and
every Wednesday. And, these earnest Contenders for the faith which teas once
delivered unto the saints, Mr Andrew Mellville, and Mr John Davidson, were
detained in confinement, at the king's removal to London, though the
prison-doors were readily opened, on the way, as he proceeded in his journey,
for the liberty of persons of a very different description.
And strong
attempts were made to corrupt the seminaries of learning, by casting out sound
teachers, and placing in their room, corrupt and time-serving men, who greatly
encouraged the Court's measures. And, youth being put under the tuition of such
teachers, the poison, which they industriously cast into the fountains, was
very speedily disseminated through the whole land. In this very dismal state of
affairs, Mr Henderson, being then a young man of great abilities, eagerly
desired preferment; and is said to have become a warm advocate for the new
measures. Bishop Guthrie says, “This Mr Henderson had been in his youth
very Episcopal, in token whereof, being a professor of philosophy in St.
Andrew's, he did, at the laureation of his class, choose Archbishop Gladstanes
for his patron, with a very flattering dedication, for the which he had the
kirk of Leuchars given him shortly after.” Though the authority, it must
be allowed, is not the very best, especially when Mr Henderson is brought to
our view, yet there is reason to think that what the Bishop here says of him is
not without foundation.
Mr Henderson is said to have been very much
inclined to Episcopacy in the early part of his life; and obtaining the parish
of Leuchars through the patronage of Archbishop Gladstanes, his settlement
there wes very unpopular. On the day of his ordination, such was the opposition
of the people, that they firmly secured the church doors, and the ministers who
attended, together with the Presentee, were obliged to break in by the window.
Mr Henderson not only was known to be a defender of those corruptions to which
many of the people in Scotland were exceedingly averse; but it also appears
that at the entrance into his ministry, he discovered little or no regard to
the spiritual interests of the flock upon whom he had been obtruded.
But he
had not been long minister of Leuchars, when a most happy and important change
was produced on the state of his mind. This remarkable change had a great
influence upon the whole of his future conduct. About that time, the celebrated
Mr Robert Bruce, who had been banished from Edinburgh, had obtained liberty to
return from Inverness, the place of his confinement. He improved his freedom in
preaching the glorious Gospel of the Grace of God, as he had opportunity.
Multitudes attended his ministry, particularly on fast-days and at communions.
Mr Henderson, hearing of a communion in the neighbourhood, at which Mr Bruce
was expected to assist, went secretly to the place, and took his seat in a dark
corner of the church, where he would be most concealed. Mr Bruce entered the
pulpit, and after a solemn pause, in his usual manner, which fixed Mr
Henderson's attention upon him, he read, in due time, with his accustomed
emphasis and deliberation, these words as his text, Verily., verily, I say unto
you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but clirnbeth up some
other way, the same is a thief and a robber. John x. i. Words most peculiarly
descriptive of the character of an intruder, and so literally applicable to the
manner in which Mr Henderson entered upon his ministry at Leuchars, went like
drawn swords to his heart. He who carefully endeavoured to hide himself from
the view of his fellow.creatures, soon found that he was under the eye of his
Creator and Redeemer. He felt the powerful. effects of the word of God, when
the ministry of it is accompanied with the agency of the Holy Spirit. His
conscience was deeply convicted, and he readily yielded to the irresistible
force of divine truth. What he heard on this occasion, from that eminent
servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, was by the divine blessing, the means of his
conversion. And we are told, that ever after he retained a very great affection
for his spiritual father, Mr Bruce, and often mentioned him with marks of the
highest respect.
Mr Henderson's change of mind was soon seen in his whole
deportment. He now became a diligent and faithful labourer in the Lord's
vineyard. He was peculiarly zealous and active in promoting the spiritual
welfare of the people of his pastoral charge. He used his utmost endeavours to
remove the offence which he had given, by the manner of his first entrance
among them.
It may not be amiss to hear his own address to his brethren, in
the famous Assembly at Glasgow, upon this interesting subject, a considerable
time after this period. “ There are divers among us who have had no
such warrant for our entry to the ministry, as were to be wished. Alas! how
many of us have rather sought the kirk, than the kirk sought us! How many have
rather gotten the kirk given to them, than they have been given to the kirk for
the good thereof! And yet there must be a great difference put between those
who have lived many years in an unlawful office without warrant of God, and
therefore must be abominable in the sight of God. and those who in some
respects have entered unlawfully, and with an ill conscience, and afterward
have come to see the evil of this, and to do what in them lies to repair the
injury. The one is like a marriage altogether unlawful, and null in itself: the
other is like a marriage in some respects unlawful and inexpedient. but that
may be mended by the diligence and fidelity of the parties in doing their duty
afterwards: so should it be with us who entered lately into the calling of the
ministry. If there were any faults or wrong steps in our entry, (as who of us
are free?) acknowledge the Lord's calling of us, if we have since got a seal
from Heaven of our ministry, and let us labour with diligence and faithfulness
in our office".
Mr Henderson now became a decided Presbyterian. He
viewed the courses of the prevailing party in the Church of Scotland very
differently from what he had formerly done, when he was guided by a worldly
spirit, and by ambitious views. He very prudently, first fully satisfied
himself by deliberate and minute inquiry, that Presbytery was more conformable
to the Holy Scriptures, more favourable to the interests of practical religion,
and more consistent with the liberties of the people, than that ecclesiastical
system which had been lately introduced. Upon a candid and patient
investigation of the existing controversy, he was firmly persuaded that
Episcopacy was equally unauthorised by the word of God, and inconsistent with
the reformed constitution of the Church of Scotland.
From that period, he
was very active in opposing prelatical government, and in resisting those most
imprudent and despotic measures by which the Court made a bold attempt to
procure a general submission to itself. And throughout the whole of the arduous
conflict which he maintained, he was eminently distinguished by his ardent
zeal, undaunted courage, dexterity in argutnent and debate, and peculiar skill
in the management of the most difficult affairs. He was earnestly solicited to
take an active and leading part, in the most important transactions of his
time. And he always secured the confidence of his own party, and commanded the
respect of his opponents. "His conduct uniformly gave high satisfaction to the
numerous and respectable body whose views he promoted, and they constantly
turned their eye to him in cases of peculiar delicacy and moment.”
From the time that Episcopal government had first been obtruded upon the
Church of Scotland, a scheme was contrived to render her worship also
conformable to the English model. After different preparatory steps, an
Assembly was suddenly convened at Perth, in the year 1618. To that Assembly the
King invited by his letters, above thirty noblemen and gentlemen, who were
sensible that it was his Majesty's earnest desire to have the form of worship
in the Church of Scotland changed, and the many and various rites of the
English Church introduced among the Scotch people, that the union of the two
kingdoms might be the stronger. In this ecclesiastical assembly, by the most
unbecoming influence, several superstitious innovations were authorised, and
the five following articles admitted, which are commonly styled the Five
Articles of Perth. These were, 'kneeling at the sacrament of the Lord's supper;
the celebration of five holy days, the nativity, passion. resurrection and
ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the descent of the Holy Spirit; private
baptism; the private administration of the Lord's supper; and episcopal
confirmation.'
Among the faithful ministers of the Gospel, who had the
courage to appear in opposition to these innovations, and to argue against them
with great force of truth, we find the respectable name of Mr Alexander
Henderson of Leuchars. It is very remarkable, that a proposal was made in that
Assembly for the translation of Mr Henderson, and of his friend, Mr William
Scot of Coupar, to Edinburgh. This proposal was seemingly made with the view of
soothing the inhabitants of that city, and of procuring a more ready submission
to the other acts of that Assembly. It is very probable that they had not any
real design of settling those able advocates for the cause of truth and of
nonconformity in that eminent station. Calderwood expressly says, that the
bishops meant no such thing in earnest. But the proposal clearly shows, that Mr
Henderson was very highly esteemed, even at that early period, by the faithful
part of the Church of Scotland, with whom he was then intimately connected.
In the month of Aug. 1619, Mr Henderson and two other ministers were called
before the Court of High Commission in St. Andrew's, charged with composing and
publishing a book, entitled Perth Assembly, proving the nullity of that
Assembly, and with raising a contribution to defray the expence of printing the
work. They appeared, -and are said to have answered for themselves with such
wisdom, that the bishops could gain no advantage against them, and were obliged
to dismiss them with threatenings.
When Mr Henderson enjoyed his beloved
retirement, he spent a considerable part of his time in reading, and in those
studies which were afterward highly useful to him in the public services of the
church and of his Country. And beside diligently discharging the pastoral
duties in his own congregation, he met occasionally with his brethren at fasts
and communions, when, by their sermons and conferences, they mutually
encouraged each other in firmly adhering to the good old principles of the
Church of Scotland; and joined in fervent prayer to Almighty God for
deliverance from those evils under which they groaned. Mr Livingston mentions
Mr Henderson as one of those eminently pious and able ministers with whom he
became acquainted in attending such solemn occasions, between the years 1626
and 1630, the memory of whom, he says is very precious and refreshing. Mr
Henderson was always indefatigable in his labours. And he was inflexible in his
attachment to truth and rectitude of conduct. But in spite of the superiority
of his talents, and of the purity ot his intentions, he was very often harassed
by calumnies and misrepresentation. Bishop Guthrie represents the tumult which
was produced by the first reading of the Liturgy in Edinburgh, on the 23rd of
July, 1637, as the result of a previous consultation in the month of April,
when he says Mr Alexander Henderson came from the brethren in Fife, and Mr
David Dickson from those in the west, and, in concert with Lord Balmerino and
Sir Thomas Hope, engaged certain matrons to put the first affront upon the
Service.book. But this story is at variance with the Official accounts, not
only of the Town. council of Edinburgh, and of the Privy council, but also of
his Majesty, which expressly declare, that, upon the strictest inquiry, it
appeared that the tumult was raised by the meaner people, without any
influence, concert, or interference, of the better classes. Mr Henderson had no
hand in any such affairs, but publicly exposed their dangerous tendency.- On
March 9th, 1637, we find the eminently pious
Mr Rutherford writing to him as
follows: “ As for your case, my reverend and dearest brother, ye are the
talking of the north and south; and looked to so as if ye were all chrystal
glass. Your motes and dust should soon be proclaimed, and trumpets blown at
your slips; but I know that ye have laid help upon One who is mighty. Intrust
not yuur comforts to men's airy and frothy applause, neither lay your down
castings on the tongues of such mockers and reproachers of godliness. God has
called you to Christ's side, and the wind is now in Christ's face in this land;
and seeing ye are with Him, ye cannot expect the lee side or the sunny side of
the brae: but I know that ye have resolved to take Christ upon any terms
whatsoever.
The Archbishop of St .Andrew's, with a view to deter other
persuns, gave a charge to Mr Henderson, and to other two ministers, to purchase
each ot them two copies of the Liturgy, for the use of their parishes, within
fifteen days, under the pain of rebellion. Mr Henderson went to Edinburgh, and,
in the month of Aug. 1637, presented a petition to the Privy-council for
himself and his brethren, stating their objections, and desiring a suspension
of the charge. Upon this petition and others of a similar nature, being very
providentially presented about the same time, a favourable answer was obtained
from the Council. And an account was transmitted to London respecting the
people's great aversion to conformity. This step was of very great utility and
importance, as it directed those persons in general, who were aggrieved to a
regular mode of obtaining redress. And we are informed, that the Privy-council
having then testified their aversion to enforce the novations, did afterward,
on different interesting occasions, befriend and promote the cause of the
petitioners. From that time, Mr Henderson was eminently distinguished by his
great activity in all the measures of the petitioners ; and his prudence and
diligence contributed very much to bring those measures to a comfortable
conclusion.
His worth was soon discovered, and he was frequently employed
in the most important and delicate transactions of the times. When the National
Covenant was agreed upon and sworn, in the year 1638, our illustrious Reformer
was called forth to act a very conspicuous part. On the first of March, that
year, the covenant was sworn with uplifted hands, and subscribed in the
Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh, by thousands of the nobility, gentry, burgesses,
ministers of the Gospel, and commons, assembled from almost all parts of
Scotland; and copies of it being circulated throughout the kingdom, it was
generally sworn with great alacrity.
This memorable deed, of which it would
be highly improper to forget the respectable authors, was prepared by Mr
Henderson, and Archibald Johnston, afterward of Warriston, an advocate, in whom
the supplicants chiefly confided; and revised by Balmerino, Loudon, and Rothes.
Mr Henderson, with those noblemen who have been mentioned, subscribed the
covenant on that solemn occasion. The inhabitants of the kingdom were now
divided into Covenanters and Non-covenanters. And some of the Covenanters had
submitted to the Bishops, and conformed to the Articles of Perth, who were yet
accounted orthodox preachers, and zealous opposers of Popery and Arminianism,
as Messrs Robert Baillie, Henry Rollock, John Bell, Andrew and Robert Ramsay,
who, upon the first appearance of the Service book joined with their brethren
against the innovations.
Others of the Covenanters would not conform to the
Articles of Perth, among whom were messrs Henderson, Dickson, Rutherford,
Blair. Cant, and the two Livingstons. When the Marquis of Hamilton was sent by
the King, to act as his high commissioner, with a view to suppress the
Covenanters, who had several conferences with him without success, he at last
told them that the Books of canons and liturgy should be discharged, on
condition that the Covenanters would give up their covenant. This proposal
exceedingly displeased all the Covenanters, and had a strong tendency to excite
them unto greater vigilance and activity, in supporting and vindicating that
most solemn deed. Upon this the celebrated Mr Henderson was agdin set to work,
and the public were soon favoured with sufficient reasons why the Covenanters
could not upon any terms give up their covenant, nor even pass from any part of
it The Kitg's commissioner afterward heard Mr Henderson preach, and conferred
with him in private respecting the state of affairs, which had the desired
effect of soothing the Covenanters into a belief of his affection to them,' It
seems to have been about that time, that the city of Edinburgh fixed their eyes
upon Mr Henderson, for one of their ministers. Among other articles of
information sent up to the Scottish Bishops, who were then at London, by their
friends in Scotland, was the following: “That the Council of Edinburgh
have made choice of Mr Alexander Henderson to be helper to Mr Andrew Ramsay,
and intend to admit him without advice or consent of the Bishops.
In the
month of July, 1638, the Tables at Edinburgh sent the Earls of Montrose and
Kinghorn, and Lord Coupar, with Messrs Henderson, Dickson, and Cant, to the
north country, with a view to use their influence in persuading the inhabitants
to take the covenant, particularly those of Aberdeen, who, by means of their
Doctors of divinity, of the university, and of the Marquis of Huntley, had
hitherto declined to join with their brethren in other parts of the kingdom.
Upon their arrival at Aberdeen. they were but coldly received. The Doctors
presented unto them fourteen captious and ensnaring demands respecting the
covenant, which they had drawn up with great care and art. Different papers
passed between the Doctors and the deputed ministers of the Covenanters on this
subject, which were published. Those papers of the latter are said to have been
written by Mr Henderson. The deputies, being otherwise engaged, and seeing no
prospect at removing the prejudices ot their opponents, desisted from the
controversy. Annd after preaching in different places, and producing solid
arguments for.suhscribing the covenant, and taking part in the work of
reformation, and procurirg the subscriptions at some hundreds in Aberdeen, and
in other parts, they returned to their constituents.
Mr Henderson was
called to make a very public appearance in the much and justly celebrated
assembly which met at Glasgow. on the 21st Novemb 1698. The petitioners
continuing indefatigably diligent and being most firmly united, and very much
animated in the defenceof truth, the Court was obliged to grant their
reasonable demands, by calling a General Assembly and a parliament, that the
national grievances might be duly considered and fairly redressed.
This
very respecable Assembly convened in the High church of Glasgow : and, beside a
very great concourse of the people, all the nobility and gentry of any family
or interest were present, either as members, assessors, or spectators. And, the
multitudes assembled on this solemn occasion were so very great, that the
members could scarcely obtain entrance, even by the assistance of the
magistrates, with their town guard, the noblemen, and gentlemen, and the
High-commissioner himself in person, who, at first, sometimes made way for the
members. After solemn fasting, and a very good and pertinent sermon preached
from Revelation i. 12, 15. - "I saw seven golden candksticks And in the midst
of the seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with garment
down to the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden girdle", by Mr John
Bell, who did also constitute the Assembly in the name of the Lord Jesus
Christ, the alone King and Head of his church, and moderate until another was
chosen, the Assembly engaged in the choice of a Moderator. But. at the same
time, a declinature was presented from the Bishops, that is a protested against
the legality of the Assembly. And the Marquis of Hamilton. the King's
Commissioner, warmly insisted that this should first be read. It was objected,
that there was no Assembly without a Moderator, and therefore they ought
necessarily to begin with his election. The High commissioner seeing that he
could not prevail, protested against the refusal to read the declinature before
the choice of a Moderator, and ordered his protestation to be entered. Before
the choice, the Royal commissioner entered another protest, that this choice
should neither prejudice the King's prerogative, nor any law of the kingdom,
nor bar the King from taking legal exceptions, either against the person
elected, or the election itself At length, all objections against chusing a
Moderator being overcome, Mr Alexander Henderson, as a minister eminently
qualified to fill that exalted station in a proper manner, by his possessing
great authority, much resolution, and uncommon prudence, was unanimously chosen
Moderator of the Assembly, and most cheerfully called to the chair. His
distinguished conduct, in former times, clearly proved, that he could readily
act in a very difficult situation. And, in the very critical state of affairs,
when discussions of the greatest importance were expected, and a very great
concourse of people assembkd to witness these, he certainly was a very proper
person to fill the Moderator's chair. Under the special care of Divine
Providence, there are, at all times, such “innumerable gradations of
ability, and endless varieties of study and inclination, that no employment can
be vacant for want of a man qualified to discharge it.” This is
particularly true, with reference unto the church of Christ, for which ample
provision is always made. Mr Henderson, having solemnly constituted the
Assembly, in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, afterward addressed the members
in a very beautiful and appropriate speech. He soon gained the good opinion and
confidence of the members, especially of such of them who were not formerly
much acquainted with him; and was honoured with marks of distinguished esteem.
He behaved very respectfully unto all, and at the same time with that
particular firmness and independence which became the President of a free
Assembly. Mr Robert Baillie, who was a member of this venerable Assembly, and
who wrote an history of it, says, speaking concerning the Moderator's prayers:
"Among that man's other good parts, that was one, a faculty of grave, good, and
zealous prayer, according to the matter in hand; which he exercised, without
tagging, (fainting) to the last day of our meeting.”
The rare
abilities, which strongly marked Mr Henderson's character, were particularly
brought to the touchstone, by the Royal commissioner's premature dissolution of
this great Assembly, and the excommunication of the Bishops. And, bringing his
rare abilities to the touch-stone, on these remarkable occasions, was like
friction to the diamond: for their excellence was then sufficiently attested;
they shined with additional lustre, and they excited new admiration. Although
the King had called this Assembly, he seemingly had no design to allow them
fairly to proceed in the discussion of their business. A firm determination had
been entered into, of utterly abolishing episcopacy ; which the nation now
groaned under. and which many ardently wished deliverance from. But the King
was evidently against the aboltion of episcopacy; and so would not allow this
Assembly to consider and redress grievances, but only to cause to be registered
such concessions, flowing from himself, as he necessarily granted in present
circumstances. And, it was very observable, that the King's commissioner did
not formally consent to any part of the Assembly's procedure. It was his custom
to give his voice rather by way of permission, than to say any thing that might
imply his direct assent; for he seemingly resolved, to keep himsef in all his
words and deeds so free, that he might, when he would disavow all that was
done, or to be done, in that Assembly.'
But the members considered
themselves as a free Assembly, and were firmly resolved both to claim, and to
exercise, that glorious liberty, and great authority, which the Lord Jesus
Christ, as the King and Head of his church, had conferred upon them, The King's
commissioner had formerly urged, that prior to the trial of commissions, the
declinature of the Bishops should be read But he was told, that the Assembly
was not formed or fully constituted until the commissions of elections were
examined, and the commissioners who were present, known to be duly authorised.
This was an affair of great importance; for as the declinature contained
reasons to shew that the election of the greatest part of the commissioners was
null, it was easily seen, that these reasons would come too late, after the
power of the commissioners should be allowed, and they admitted as members of
the Assembly. When the Royal commissioner could not obtain his desire, he
entered his protest. ‘The declinature of the Bishops was at last read, at
the repeated request of the Commissioner, wherein they pretended to prove the
illegality of this Assembly; and also was answered very learnedly and solidly
by the Assemby. The Assembly proceeding in course to vote themselves competent
judges of the libels raised against them; when the Moderator stated the
question, Whether this Asseinbly found themselves the judges of the Bishops,
notwithstanding their declinature? The Royal commissioner interposed, and
declared that if they pretended to assume a right to judge the Bishops, he
could not give his consent, nor continue any longer with them. Upon this, he
made a speech, the substance of which may be seen in Stevenson's History, and
delivered the King's concessions to the clerk to be read and registered.' After
the clerk had publicly read these concessions, the Moderator addressed the
Royal commissiorn in a very grave and well digested speech, which
follows:
"It well becometh us his Majesty's subjects convened in this
honourable and reverend Assembly. with all thankfulnes; to receive so fu!l a
testimony of his Majesty's goodness, and not to undervalue the smallest crumbs
of comfort that fall to us of his Majesty's liberality. With our hearts we do
acknowledge before God, and with our mouths do we desire to testify to the
world, how far we think ourselves obliged to our dread sovereign, wishing that
the secret thoughts of our hearts, and the way when in we have walked in time
past were made manifest to him. It hath been the glory of the Reformed Churches
and we account it our glory in a special manner, to give unto kings and
magistrates what belongs to their places: and, as we know the fifth command of
the law to be a precept of the second table, so do we acknowledge it to be the
first of that kind and that, next unto piety toward God, we are obliged to
loyalty and obedience to our king. there is nothing due to kings and princes in
matters ecclesiastical, which, I trust shall be denied by this assembly to our
King; for, beside authority and power in matters civil. to a Christian king
belongth
I Inspection over the affairs of the church. And he ought not only
diligently to watch over ecclesiastical matters.
2. The vindication of
religion doth also belong to the King, for whom it is most proper, by his
authority, to vindicate religion from contempt and all abuse, he being keeper
also of the first table of the law
3. The sanctions also are in his
Majesty's hand, to confirm, by his royal authority, the constitutions of the
kirk, and give them the strength of a law.
4, His Majesty also hath the
power of correction: he both may and ought to compel kirk.men in the
performance of the duties which God requires of them.
5. The Coercive power
also belongs to the prince, who hath power from God to restrain by his terror
and authority from what becometh not their places and callings.
6. The
Christian magistrate hath power to convocate assemblys, when he finds the
pressing affairs of the church calling for them; and in assemblies when they
are convened, his power is great.
7. As he is a Christian. having the
judgment at discretion in all matters debateable and controverted.
8. As h
is king or magistrate, he must have the judgment of his eminent place and high
vocation, to discern what concerns the spiritual welfare and salvation of his
subjects. And, as a magistrate singularly gifted with more than ordinary gifts
of knowledge and authority. And we heartily acknowledge that your Grace, as his
Majesty's High-commissioner. and representing his Royal person, hath an eminent
place in this reverend and honourable Assembly, first, we hope as a good
Christian,second, as his Majesty's High.commnissioner; and
thirdly, as one endued with singular gifts, and fitted in a special
manner for this employment. Far be it from us to deny any thing that is due,
either to those who are in supreme authority, or to such as are deisgated by
and subordinated to them. When Alexander the Great came to Jerusalem, he
desired that his image might be set up in the temple. This the Jews did
modestly refuse as inconsistent with the law, which was the Law of God, but
liberally offered what was in their power, and more honourable for the king,
viz ‘that they would begin in the reckoning of time from his coming to
Jerusalem. and would call all their first born sons by his name. What is ours,
let it be given to Caesar, but let God, by whom kings reign, have his own
place. Let Christ Jesus, the King of kings, have his own prerogative, by whose
grace our king reigneth, and we pray that he may reign long and prosperously
over us.”
This pathetic and judicious speech does honour both to the
literary abilities, and to the good sense, of the author. It accurately
discriminates between the power of the church.officer, and of the civil
magistrate, respecting ecclesiastical affairs; and contains an explicit
declaration that the Assembly were sincerely disposed to give unto their King
and his Commissioner, all that honour and obedience which corresponded with the
duty which they owed to Him who was King of kings and Lord of lords. It appears
to me clearly expressive of kings being nursing fathers of the church, Isa.
xlix. ‘23. Kings shall not only join themselves to the church of Christ;
but they shall also use their power and authority for the increase and defence
of it ‘The speech is worthy of transmission to posterity ; and may be of
solid and lasting benefit to them. The Royal commissioner received it with
signs of pleasure, and of satisfaction; as appears by his following address to
the Moderator, in way of reply : “Sir, You have spoken as becometh a good
Christian, and a dutiful subject, and I am hopeful that you will conduct
yourself with that deference which you owe to our Royal sovereign, all of whose
commands will (I trust) be found agreeable to the commandments of God.”
The Moderator replied, that the Assembly being indicted by his Majesty, and
consisting of such members, regularly authorised, as by the acts and practice
in former times, had a right to represent the church, they considered
themselves as a free .Assernbly; and he trusted that all things in it would be.
conducted conformable to the law of God and reason; that they would not advance
one step but as clear light should chalk out the way before them, and that they
would make it evidently appear to all men, that they were afraid to walk in
another way; and that they were hopeful that their King, being such a lover of
righteousness, needed only to have truth clearly pointed out before him, and,
when this was done, that his Majesty would fall in love with it.
Upon
this, the Moderator again asked the members, If he should put the question.
Whether or not the Assembly found themselves competent judges of the Bishops?
But the Commissioner urged that this question should be deferred. The Moderator
said, “ Nay, with your Grace's permission, that cannot be; for it is fit
to be put only after the declinature hath been under consideration.” The
Commissioner repeated, that, in this case, he behoved to withdraw. Mr Henderson
replied, “ I wish the contrary from the bottom of my heart, and that your
Grace would continue to savour us with your presence, without obstructing the
work and freedom of the Assembly.” - But the Commissioner plainly
declared, after some other observations had been made, that he could not
continue any longer, and urging the Moderator to conclude with prayer, without
effect, he did, in his Majesty's name, dissolve the Assembly, prohibiting their
further procedure. He is said to have given these four principal reasons.
1. Lay elders were introduced into the Assembly to vote there.
2. The
ministers chosen commissioners, were elected by lay elders, contrary to custom
and practice.
3. The few commissioners chosen contrary to the instructions
of the Tables, had been thrown out by mere cavils.
4. The cited Bishops
were to be tried by persons who had already declared against
them.
Seemingly, the Commissioner had the King's positive orders to dissolve
the Assembly, if they should attempt to try the Bishops. Mr Hume says, this
measure was foreseen, and little regarded. The Court still continued to sit.
and to finish their business.
Upon the Commissioner's departure, the
Moderator delivered the following animating speech to the Assembly. "All who
are present know how this Assembly was indicted, and what power we allow to our
Sovereign in matters ecclesiastic: But though we have acknowledged the power of
Christian kings for convening Assemblies, and their power in them, yet that
must not derogate from Christ's right, for he bath given warrant to convocate
Assemblies, whether magistrates consent or not. Therefore, seeing we perceive
his Grace, my lord Commissioner, to be zealous of his Royal master's commands,
have not we as good reason to be zealous toward our Lord, and to maintain the
liberties and privileges of his kingdom? You all know that the work in hand
hath had many difficulties, and yet hitherto the Lord hath helped and borne us
through them all; therefore it becometh us not to be discouraged at our being
deprived of human authority, but rather that ought to be a powerful motive to
us to double our courage in answering the end for which we are
convened.”
Mr Henderson had the happy talent of suiting his
expressions in his speeches to present circumstances; and thereby greatly
encouraging the Assembly amid the difficulties which they had to encounter.
Having delivered this speech, he desired that if any other of the reverend or
honourable members pleased, they might speak a word for the encouragement of
their brethren, as God should put it in their hearts. Upon this, Messrs.
David Dickson, Henry
Roilock, Andrew Cant, and Andrew Ramsay, of the clergy, Loudon of the nobility,
Keir of the gentry. and Mr Robert Cunningham of the boroughs, delivered
beautiful and pathetic speeches to the same purpose. By these, both the other
members, and many spectators, were greatly animated with a lively sense of
present duty, and of the beauty of the Truth, as it is in Jesus. They were
inspired with fresh courage. And the Moderator now put the question, Whether
they would adhere to the protestation against the Royal commissioner's
departure, and continue constituted until they finished their business? All,
except about five, did, first with up-lifted hands, and afterward by a formal
vote, declare their resolution to remain together until they finished the
weighty business, which urgently demanded their consideration. And, under the
enlivening smiles and gracious influences of approving Heaven, this renowned
Assembly proceeded in their most arduous work, with much success. They clearly
displayed, on every occasion, great faithfulness. constancy, and consistency.
Their measures amply proved, that they were certainly directed by unerring
wisdom and goodness. And their difficulties only excited them unto the
performance of their duty, and awakened their holy ardour. And the effects of
perseverance, courage, and zeal, were clearly seen in their conduct.
The
last question of importance during that day was, Whether the Assembly do find
themselves lawful and competent judges of the pretended Archbishops and Bishops
of this kingdom, and of the complaint given in against them amid their
adherents, notwithstanding their declinature and protestation ? Mr Stevenson
says, that according to Mr Baillie, all voted affirmatively, but, according to
the Journal, three or four voted in the negative. A proclamation was issued
against the Assembly, and published with great solemnity, at the market.cross
of Glasgow. But opposition in the course of duty, rather animated, than
discouraged, the members of this venerable body. “Thus may all the
opposition that we meet with in the course of our duty, animate, rather than
overbear, our resolution in performing it"
At the opening of the next
session, Mr Henderson again addressed the Assembly. and recommended gravity,
quietness, and order as in the sight of God; because they ought to have their
judgments exercised concerning the matter in hand, and their minds elevated to
God for light and direction. He added the following modest and beautiful
remark: “Not that he assumed any thing to himself, but he was bold to
direct them in that wherein he had the consent of their own minds" This very
seasonable recommendation was punctually observed, during the whole time of the
sitting of this famous Assembly. The Earl of Argyle returned to the Assembly
this session, whose presence greatly encouraged them. And the Moderator
earnestly entreated him, that, though he was not a member of the Assembly, yet
for the common interest which he had in the church, he would be pleased to
countenance their meetings and bear testimony to the rectitude of their
proceedings; which he readily promised, and faithfully performed When Argyle
desired an explanation ot the Confession of Faith or Covenant, the Moderator
said, “Although we do not compare the Confession of any reformed Church
with the word of God. and are far from reckoning our Confession a rule ot faith
but only a form of Confession, yet we have great reason to account honourably
of it. Other churches give a large testimony thereto, and it were a shame for
us not to have the same good opinion of it; and. that we may have this it is
necessary that we clearly understand the particular articles contained in the
same, especially such as have been controverted. Ye all know what a great ado
hath been made about this matter, some subscribing with an interpretation
exclusive of the Service book and canons, and others subscribing the short
Confession of Faith, with the general bond lately urged by his Majesty, without
the application made by the council to the sense in which it was originally
sworn" therefore he hoped that what should be now offered would administer
light that should shine to others; but, because it would require a long time to
hear and peruse all the acts and books necessary for clearitig the Confession,
he proposed that a committee might be named for that purposes to which the
Assembly readily agreed.
When there was a near prospect of pronouncing
sentence against some ministers who had been tried before their respective
presbyteries, found guilty, and suspended, but remitted for an higher censure
to the judgment of the Assembly, the Moderator delivered a grave and judicious
discourse on the power of the church. And, at the reading of the processes
against the persons, he justly observed, That they ought to be heard with a
feeling sense of compassion toward the guilty persons, and also with joy that
the Lord was putting forth his hand for the purging of his own house. When this
respectable Assembly justly condemned six preceding corrupt Assemblies, the
Moderator's observation was: “ This Assembly have unanimously condemned
these Assemblies, and I hope they shall he looked on as so many beacons, that
we strike not again on such rocks. “ And he exhorted that the several
judicatures should now faithfully use that power which the Lord had freely
committed to them. Before sentence was given against the Bshop of Galloway, the
Moderator delivered a speech to the Assembly, to coticiliate their minds to the
step intended. In this he said; ‘ The preaching of false doctrine and
venomous poison of that kind, to seduce the people from their profession to
popery and idolatry, must have a great censure. And this man's breach of the
caveats, bringing in of the service book, which you have already condemned for
the great guilt involved in it, and declining this lawful Assembly, abstracting
from his personal faults, deserveth no less than excommunication - It is known
to you that the Church of Scotland have been in use to excommunicate papists
and persons disobedient to the discipline of the church, from partaking of the
holy communion; and seeing the Bishops are guilty in both these respects, why
should not that high censure be inflicted on them? What a reverend father, Mr
Andrew Melville, said of Archbishop Adamson, That the old serpent had so
stung him with avarice, and he swelled so exhorbitantly with pride, as
threatened the destruction of the whole bodyif he were not cut off doth
evidently hold of the present pretended Bishops: and therefore, it seems
necessary that the last mean be essayed, And let us solicit God to make his
ordinance effectual for the destruction of the flesh that the spirit may be
saved in the day of the Lord Jesus.'
The Assembly, having finished the
processes of the Bishops, agreed, at the close of their 19th Session, that the
sentences which were passed against them should be publicly pronounced next day
by the Moderator, in the presence of the Assembly, after a sermon preached by
him suitable to the solemn occasion. He shewed great aversion to this arduous
work; but all agreed that he should perform it. In vain he pleaded his fatigue,
the multiplicity of affairs by which his attention was greatly perplexed, and
the shortness of time for preparation; no excuse was admitted. Accordingly, at
the time appointed, Mr Henderson preached before a very large auditory, from
Psalm cx. The Lord said unto my Lord, sit thou at my right hand, until I make
thine enemies thy footsool.
Mr Baillie, who heard it, gives it the
character of a good and learned sermon.' After delivering the sermon, he
mentioned the Assembly's appointment, named the eight Bishops to he
excommunicated, and afterward caused an abstract of the evidence against the
Bishops to be publicly read by the clerk of the Assembly, for the satisfaction
of the people, upon which he made some observations, shewing that they justly
deserved the fearful sentence of excommunication. Upon this the Assembly's
sentence against the Bishops was presented and heard; after which the Moderator
desired the concurrence of the congregation of God's people in this solemn
action, fully and accurately shewing their warrant for it, and the necessity of
it, from the word of God, particularly, from Mat xviii 17, 18 I Cor. v l, I
Tim. i 20 He said, “Truly if the Lord had directed to another remedy for
these men, the kirk of Scotland would have been glad to use it; but there is no
other known mean to keep them from the condemnation of the devil, for the
mortifying of their flesh, and saving of their souls, than this.” After
this, he most fervently and gravely called upon God by prayer: Prayer being
ended, the Moderator pronounced the sentence of excommunication in these words:
“ Since the eight persons before-mentioned here declared themselves
strangers to the communion of saints, to be without hope of life eternal, and
to be slaves of Sin: Therefore we the people of God assembled together for this
cause, and I as their mouth, In The Name of The Eternal God, and of his Son the
Lord Jesus Christ, according to the direction of this Assembly, Do Excmmunicate
the said eight persons from the participation of the sacraments, from the
communion of the visible church and from the prayers ot the church, and so long
as they continue obstinate, discharges you all, as ye would not be partakers of
their vengeance, from keeping any religious fellowship with them; and thus give
them over into the hands of the devil, assuring you in the name of the Lord
Jesus, that except their repentance be evident, the tearful wrath and vengeance
of the God of heaven shall overtake them even in this life, and after this
world everlasting vengeance.”
He added, “ Beloved, let us not
think that this fearful sentence is merely the wind of man's voice; surely
these unhappy men shall find the truth of it. It is true, a farther blindnes of
mind, and hardness of heart, is one part of the execution of this sentence; but
it may be that the Lord of heaven shall kythe some sensible judgement upon some
of them, whereby they may be made spectacles of his wrath, except they
repent.” At the same time, the Moderator intimated the Assembly's sentence
of deposition, with reference to others. The whole work was very awful and
solemn. Mr Baillie, who was present, says, that the Moderator pronounced the
sentences “in a very dreadful and grave manner.”
And the whole
Assembly must certainly be considered as deeply affected, and filled with the
mingling emotions of admiration, pity, and awe.” And, Mr Henderson gave
such a sample of his abilities, in this arduous work,Life of that we may safely
venture to consider him as fully equal to the task, that was imposed upon him.
Whatever some may think with reference to these awful sentences ot deposition
and excommunication, persons of candour will undoubtedly find among the deposed
and excommunicated, both characters and actions which deserved the severest
censure. On the following day a petition from St Andrew's was presented to the
Assembly, supplicating that Alexander Henderson of Leuchars should be removed
to that city This was keenly opposed by the Commissioners from Edinburgh, who
earnestly pleaded that he was already their elected minister, They also warmly
urged their priviledge of transporting from any part of the kingdom. Mr
Henderson himseif was extremely averse to remove from his present charge, to
any other place; and forcibly opposed his removal in the Assembly. He pleaded
that he was too old a plant to take root in another soil. It is said, He was at
that time fifty three years of age. He also urged, that he might be more useful
where he was, than in a more public station And, if he was to be removed, his
great love of retirement, which has, in all ages, closely adhered to
intelligent and elevated minds, greatly inclined him to St Andrew's, rather
than to Edinburgh. After a very warm contest between these two places, which
continued some days, Mr Baillie says two or three, it carried by votes, much
against Mr. Henderson's inclination, that he should be translated to Edinburgh
Upon the Assembly‘s decision, he submitted, having obtained a promise that
he should be allowed to remove unto a country charge, if his health should
require it, or when the infirmities of old age should overtake him.
When
the Assembly had finished their business, Mr Henderson addressed himself to
them in a very judicious and appropriate speech of considerable length. A
speech delivered on so remarkable an occasion was likely in substance to be
preserved; and may be seen in Stevenson's History. In this able speech, he
modestly apologised for his own infirmities in discharging the duties of his
station; candidly acknowledged the admirable diligence, faithfulness, and zeal,
of all ranks; reminded them "gratefully to remember the wonderful goodness
of Almighty God to Scotland, when the time of the promise drew near, that the
isles should wait for his law, and in later times, when their adversaries were
accounted the head, and they only the tail and especially during the sitting of
this famous Assembly. He reminded them of their wonderful and most glorious
deliverance from the galling yoke which neither they nor their fathers were
able to bear. “ Now,” said he, “ we are freed of the
service.book, which was a book of slavery indeed; of the book of canons which
tied us in spiritual bondage; of the book of ordination, which was a yoke put
on the neck of faithful ministers; of the high-commission, which was a guard to
keep us all under that slavery; and of the civil places of church-men, which
was the splendour of all these evils; and the Lord has led captivity captive,
and made lords slaves. Seeing then that the Lord has granted us liberty, what
should we do less than labour to be sensible of our liberty? We are like a man
that has lain long in irons, who, after they are off, and he redeemed, feels
not his liberty for a time, but the smart of them makes him apprehend that they
are on him still: so it is with us; we do not yet feel our liberty, therefore,
it were good for us to keep the bounds of our liberty wherewith Christ has made
us free, and not to be entangled again with the yoke of bondage. - A courtier
once degraded, doth scarcely ever regain his credit; and it doth especially
hold true in spiritual things. I grant the Lord can miraculously give eyes to
the blind, and raise the dead, as we are witnesses this day, having ourselves
been brought back to him, after we had run far on in a course of defection: but
take heed of a second defection; and rather endure the greatest extremity than
be entangled again with the yoke of bondage. I grant the cross is hard to look
upon; but if we get strength from our Lord, it shall be an easy yoke. Remember
the plague of Laodicea for lukewarmness, and beware of her sin; for ye know
that the Lord threatens to spue them out of his mouth. Concerning the nobles,
barons, and burgesses, who have attended here, I must say, and may say it
confidently from the Lord's word, they who honour God, he will honour them.
And, I dare not dissemble, that in a special manner my heart is toward these
nobles, whose hearts the Lord hath moved to be chief instruments in this work.
Ye know they, like the tops of the mountains, were first discovered in this
deluge, which made the little valleys hope to be delivered from it also; and so
it is come to pass. I remember to have read, that in the eastern countries,
where they worship the sun, a multitude being assembled in the morning for that
end, and striving who should first see their mistaken deity, a servant turned
his face to the west, which all the rest accounted foolish, yet he obtained the
first sight of the sun shining on the top of the western mountains. So truly he
would have been thought a foolish man, who, a few years ago, would have looked
for such things of our nobles as we now see; yet our Lord Jesus hath
nobilitated them; so that contrary to their station, which is subject to
manifold temptations, and the age of severals of them, which uses not to see
much beauty or contentment in such affairs, they have taken part in our trials,
and had a chief hand in all the conclusions which we have brought to pass, and
their liberality hath abounded to many on this occasion. The Sun of
Righteousness has been pleased to shine forth on these mountains, and long,
long, may he shine on them, for the comfort of the hills, and refreshing of the
vaUies, may the blessing of God be on them and their families, and we trust it
shall be seen to be so to the generations following.”
In this
remarkable speech, Mr Henderson did not overlook the King; and warmly
recommended a favourable construction of his opposition to them. He warmly
expressed his high sense of the distinguished harmony which had conspicuously
appeared among the ministers, while they had been assiduously employed in
correcting the many errors and gross abuses which prevailed; and in earnestly
contending for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. He concluded
this elaborate and well-digested speech, with gratefully acknowleging the very
hospitable treatment which the members of this respectable Assembly had kindly
received from the inhabitants of the city of Glasgow; and the particular
countenance and aid afforded them by their chief magistrate. He justly
subjoined, “ The best recompence we can make them, is to pray for the
blessing of God to them, and to give them a taste of our labours, by visiting
their University, and any other thing that is in our power, without prejudice
to the church of God; that so the kingdom of our Lord Jesus may be established
among them, that the name of this city may from henceforth be, Jehovah
Sharnmah, The Lord is there.”
When Mr Henderson had ended his speech,
he desired Mr David Dickson, Mr Andrew Ramsay, and some of the nobles, to
supply what he had omitted. The two above named had discourses to the same
purpose with the Moderator's speech. The Moderator judged, that the countenance
given to this Assembly by the Earl of Argyle deserved respectful notice: he,
therefore, mentioned him with approbation; and earnestly wished that his
Lordship had sooner joined them; but he hoped God had reserved him for the best
time, and that he would honour him here and hereafter. Upon this, Argyle
delivered an extemporary speech. When Argyle had ended, the Moderator thanked
him for his speech, supported it in a short discourse, and afterward concluded
that very long and solemn Assembly with prayer, singing the cxxxiii Psalm, and
pronouncing the apostolical blessing. Upon this, the Assembly rose in triumph.
And Mr Henderson said, We have now cast down the walls of Jericho, let him who
rebuildeth them beware of the curse of Hiel the Bethelite.'
And thus
Episcopacy, the High Commission Court, the Articles of Perth, the Canons and
the Liturgy, were abolished and declared unlawful: and the whole fabric, which
James and Charles, in a long course of years, had been rearing with much care
and policy, fell at once to the ground.' The church of Christ now gained a
glorious victory; much resembling Caesar's victory over Pharnaces, son of
Mithradates, king of Pontus, whom Caesar, in his war with Pompey, very quickly
discomfited. The trophies of Caesar's victory over Pharnaces were distinguished
by labels, containing the famous words, “ I came, I saw, I vanquished."
When the members of this celebrated Assembly came to Glasgow, they saw a very
formidable army of lordly Bishops, and their adherents, against them with the
Marquis of Hamilton, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the King himself, at
their head, But by the special aid of the Lord their God, they obtained a
complete victory over them all. They came, They saw, They vanquished!
Mr
Henderson's elevated station, and his great activity, in this Assembly, fully
exposed him to the violent resentment both of the Court and of the Bishops.
And, from this, neither the strict propriety, nor the singular moderation, of
his conduct, could protect him. It is said, that Dr Balcanqual, who had
attended the Assembly, and agented the cause of the Bishops, seemed studiously
to oppose himself to the Moderator; and on one occasion, during a debate,
illiberally reminded him, that he, with others of his brethren, had once
patronised those measures which he now so much reprobated. Mr Henderson
prudently treated this reflection with dignified silence; and none of the
members seemingly judged a reply necessary. In the Large Declaration, drawn up
by Dr Balcanqual. and published in the King's name, Mr Henderson is called
“ The prime and most rigid Covenanter in the kingdom.” Archbishop
Laud, in a letter to the Marquis of Hamilton, says, that the only thing, in the
full account sent him of the proceedings of this Assembly, which required an
answer, was, “That Mr Alexander Henderson, who went all this while for a
quiet and calm.spirited man, hath shewn himself a most violent and passionate
man, and a Moderator without moderation.” Nor was the Primate at any loss
to account for this transformation of the lamb into the lion; for he adds,
“ Truly, my Lord, never did I see any man of that humour, (the
Presbyterian) but he was deep. dyed in some violence or other; and it would
have been a wonder to me, if Henderson had held free.” But one very justly
observes here, “ The censures of men disappointed in the mad project of
subjugating a whole nation under tyranny and superstition, will be regarded as
praises by all good Christians and patriots.
When the members of the
above.mentioned General Assembly returned home, they carefully intimated their
conclusions; and thereby the knowledge of what was done was both speedily and
widely circulated. And as soon as it was known at Court that the Assembly
continued to sit after they were dissolved by the Royal Commissioner, and that
the people greatly approved their conduct and conclusions, the King meditated
revenge, and inconsiderately resolved to raise an army to reduce them unto
obedience, thinking that their actions might justify his recourse to arms.
While the inhabitants of Scotland were making preparations during the winter in
1689, for defending themselves against the hostile invasion from England, Mr
Henderson's able pen was much employed in several publications, in vindication
of their proceedings. By order of the Deputies, he drew up a paper, entitled,
“The Remonstrance of the Nobility, Barons, Burgesses, Ministers, and
Commons, within the Kingdom of Scotland, vindicating them and their
proceedings, from the crimes wherewith they are charged by the late
proclamation in England, Feb. 27th 1639.” This paper, after being revised
and approved by the Deputies, was published and industriously circulated by
their friends in England, and was very advantageous to their cause in that
country. He also drew up “Instructions for defensive arms.” The
intention of this was, to give information and satisfaction to all among
themselves, with reference unto the just and necessary defensive war into which
they were forced. He did this, according to our information, somewhat against
his inclination: and being hastily composed, and the subject delicate, he
declined making it public by printing. But, though he would not allow it to go
to the press, it was read from many pulpits, as the production of their best
penman. And one Corbet, a deposed minister, who fled to Ireland, carried a copy
with him, and published it with an answer, which contained little matter, but
much spiteful venom, according to Mr Baillie, who flourished at that time,'
When the magnanimous appearance of the Scots, and the indifference which
the English discovered in the cause, induced the King to listen unto overtures
of peace, Mr Henderson was appointed one of the Commissioners from the Scottish
army, to carry on the treaty of pacification, in the month of June, 1689 This
appointment clearly shows, that Mr Henderson was held in the highest veneration
and esteem by his countrymen. He and Mr Archibald Johnstone declined going to
the English camp with the rest of the Commissioners on the first day of the
treaty; but, upon receiving information, that the King noticed their absence,
they attended the next meeting on a following day. The King was much delighted
with Mr Henderson's discourse. And during the whole treaty Mr Henderson
eminently displayed his rare abilities, as on other remarkable occasions.
Bishop Burnet has observed, that it was strange to see Mr Henderson, who had
most vigorously opposed the Bishops for meddling in civil affairs, made a
Commissioner for this treaty, and employed in signing a paper so purely civil
as that of the pacification was.' But an attentive consideration, and close
comparison of the two cases, will very clearly shew, that this reflection is
groundless. The present was evidently a very critical and an extraordinary
conjuncture; and in extraordinary cases, extraordinary things may be done. All
that was dear to the people was at stake; and certainly all their talents
should then have been called forth and employed. Beside, religion was
undoubtedly the chief ground of the quarrel, and, therefore, it's interests
must have been deeply concerned in the termination thereof. And the articles of
the pacification proceeded upon the King's declaration, engaging that all
ecclesiastical affairs should be determined by the assemblies of the church;
that General Assemblies should be called once a year; that, as the King would
not own their Assembly at Glasgow, so neither should they be urged to disown
it; and that a full and free Assembly should be convened at Edinburgh on the
12th of August for the settlement of matters. When these things are candidly
considered, the presence of a Minister of the Gospel, who could explain
difficult things, and watch over the church's rights, may be easily vindicated.
And this reason is expressly assigned in the Act of the Committee of
Parliament, empowering the Commissioners for a treaty of peace, in the year
1640. “And because many things may occur concerning the Church and her
Assemblies, therefore, beside those of the Estates, we nominate and appoint, Mr
Alexander Henderson and Mr Archibald Johnstone, whom we adjoin for that
effect.” But this is entirely different from Bishops sitting as lords of
Parliament, or filling the highest offices of State, which, beside other evils,
render it impossible for them to attend to the important duties of their
ecclesiastical function.'
Mr Henderson was one of the fourteen chief
persons among the Covenanters, who were required by an order from the King to
go to his Court at Berwick, and meet him there, after the Scottish army was
disbanded. Bishop Guthrie says, that the King's design in requiring the
attendance of these fourteen Scottish Covenanters was, that he might consult
with them concerning the way of his incoming, to hold the Assembly and
Parliament in person. Bishop Burnet says, The true reason of that message was,
to try what fair treatment might do with the Scots. But Sir James Balfour,
expressly says, that this was a trap laid for the chief of the Covenanters, by
the advice of some corrupt counsellors; and that it was owing to a kind
advertisement from some of their friends at Court, that they escaped the snare.
An alarm having speedily spread of a design against these persons, they were
stopped, by the populace, when they were setting out on their journey to
Berwick, at the Water-gate of Edinburgh. Their horses were taken from them, and
they were obliged to return, and ordered to stay at home: nor was it judged
prudent that they should afterward proceed on their journey. This measure
greatly offended the King, who, without waiting the Assembly or Parliament, set
out on his return to London, the 29th of July.
At the opening of the
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which met at Edinburgh upon Monday
the 12th of August, 1639, Mr Henderson, the former Moderator, preached from
Acts v. 33. - Toward the conclusion of his discourse, he addressed himself in
very suitable exhortations both to the Earl of Traquaire, the Royal
Commissioner, and to the members of the Assembly. To the Royal Commissioner he
said, “We beseech your Grace to see that Caesar have his own, but let him
not have what is due to God, by whom kings reign. God hath exalted your Grace
to many high places within these few years, and is doing so more especially
now: be thankful, and labour to exalt Christ's throne. Some are exalted like
Haman, some like Mardecai; and I pray God that these eminent parts wherewith he
hath endowed you may be used aright. When the Israelites came out of Egypt,
they gave all the silver and gold they had carried thence for the building of
the tabernacle. In like manner, your Grace must employ all your parts and
endowments for building up the church of God in this land.”
He
addressed the members of the Assembly in the following manner: “ Right
Honourable, Worshipful, and Reverend, constantly go on in your zeal. True zeal
does not cool, but the longer it burns the more fervent will it grow. If it
shall please God, that by your means the light of the Gospel shall be
continued, and that you have the honour of being instruments of a blessed
Reformation, it shall be useful and comfortable to yourselves and to your
posterity. But let your zeal be always tempered with an holy moderation; for
zeal is a good servant, but a bad master: like a ship that hath a full sail and
no rudder. We have much need of Christian prudence, for ye know what advantages
some have attempted to take of us this way. For this reason, let it be seen to
the world, that Presbytery, the government we contend for in the church, can
consist very well with monarchy in the state, and thereby we shall gain the
favour of our King, and God shall get the glory.” Mr Henderson's speeches
and particular addresses, on such occasions, were of very great utility and
importance unto the church. The Royal commissioner earnestly requested, at this
time, that Mr Henderson, the former Moderator, should be continued in that
station, out of respect to Mr Henderson's rare abilities, as he solemnly
protested, but rather, as was suspected, to support the King's pretensions to
the right of nominating their Moderator, and continuing him at pleasure. But
the Assembly vigorously opposed this motion of the Commissioner, as too much
favouring the practice of the constant moderator, which formerly had been
employed for the introduction of Episcopacy: and no man discovered greater
aversion to the motion than Mr Henderson himself.'
Mr David Dickson, minister
at Irvine, was, by a great majority, chosen Moderator. He is represented by
Bishop Guthrie, as greatly inferior to Mr Henderson, in that station. And the
Bishop says, that it had been worse with Mr Dickson, “ were it not that Mr
Henderson sat at his elbow as his coadjutor. Whether this representation of Mr
Dickson is just or not, it serves to show that Mr Henderson was very highly
esteemed, even by the Episcopal party. Mr Dickson gave thanks, in the
Assembly's name, to their last Moderaor, for the quick understanding, solid
judgment, and great diligence, which he had displayed in that office, to the
conviction even of his enemies. And, when this Assembly condemned Episcopacy as
unlawful, and contrary to the word of God ; and the Royal commissioner desired
reasons of this condemnation, Mr Henderson, with the Moderator, and Mr Andrew
Ramsay, shewed that Episcopacy is only an human institution, that it hath been
destructive to the discipline of the church, and introductory to popery,
superstition and idolatry.
A motion was made by Mr Henderson, concerning
the expedience of drawing up a Confession, positively condemning the errors and
immoralities charged on, and defended, or practised, by any ministers, and
clearing the doctrine of the Church of Scotland, in opposition to them, that
none might afterward pretend ignorance. The Synod of Dort adopted this method
with the so-called Arminians. Mr Henderson's notion, in imitation of that
Synod, was unanimously approved, and a committee named for the purpose. But if
they brought the matters referred to them, unto a conclusion, their report has
not reached us.' Mr Henderson preached an excellent sermon, at the opening of
the Parliament. at Edinburgh, concerning the utility and importance of
magistracy, from I Tim. ii. 1, 2, 3, on the 31st of August, 1639
The
Town.council of Edinburgh, who were the patrons and governors of the University
of that city, having annually visited the College since the year 1614, the
Rector was the more remiss in his office. The Council now resolved, that,
instead of these periodical visitations of the College, they should annually
chuse a Rector, whom they should direct, and ascertain the powers of his
office, by articles framed for that end. Agreeably to this resolution, they
chose Mr Alexander Henderson, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, Rector of the
University, in the year 1640, ordaining a silver mace to be borne before him on
all solemnities, and appointing certain members of the Town.council, ministers
of Edinburgh, and professors in the College, his assessors. They drew up
instructions, authorising ‘him to superintend all matters respecting the
College, whether connected with it's revenues, fabric, the education of youth,
or the conduct of the principal, professors, and other members of the
University, and their conformity to the regulations; with power to the Rector
to admonish offenders, and in case of their obstinacy, to make report to the
Council, and to judge and determine upon trifling disputes between the members
among themselves'. The custody of the matriculation-roll was also given to the
Rector, and the students ordained to be matriculated in his presence, and that
of the Principal, and of the Professors of the class, to which the students
respectively belonged He was also to be furnished with an inventory of the
College-revenues, and donations in it's favour. The Rector continued to
exercise his office, some years. But the troubles which distracted the nation,
and the want of regular records of this University, at that time, ren der it
impracticable for us to ascertain when that office was discontinued, or how the
College was governed for a considerable period of time.'
When the war was
renewed with the Scots, and they were declared rebels, Mr Henderson was again
called from his peaceful habitation. Each regiment was attended with a
chaplain, one of the most eminent ministers in the bounds where they were
raised, as Messrs Alexander Henderson, Robert Blair, John Livingston, Robert
Baillie, Andrew Cant, George Gillespie, and others who were vested with
Presbyterial authority, and were to perform every part of the ministerial
function to them, proper in such circumstances. In the beginning of August in
1640, the several regiments arrived at Dunse, where they were reviewed by their
General: and the army marched into England on the 20th of August that year,
with great courage and success. Notwithstanding these warlike measures, the
Covenanters still preserved the most pathetic and the most submissive language.
They declared that they entered England, with no other view, than to obtain
access to the King's presence, and to lay their grievances and their humble
petition at his royal feet. At Newburn upon Tyne, some miles above Newcastle,
they were opposed by a detachment of 4,500 men under Conway, who seemed
resolute to dispute with them the passage of the river. The Scots first
entreated them, with great civility, not to stop them in their march to their
gracious Sovereign; but the English would not listen to them. Upon this the
Scottish army attacked the English with great bravery, killed several, and
chased the rest from their ground, obtaining a signal victory over them, upon
the 28th of August, in the year 1640. And such a panic seized the whole English
army, that the forces at Newcastle fled immediately to Durham; and not yet
thinking themselves safe, they deserted that town, arid retreated into
Yorkshire. Their consternation on this occasion is said to have been
inexpressible. And, in their flight, both officers and soldiers declared, that
they would not fight to maintain the pride and power of the Bishops.
‘When doating Monarchs urge
Unsound resolves, their Subjects feel the
scourge.' FRANCIS.
The Scots took possession of Newcastle; and though
sufficiently elated with their victory, they preserved exact discipline, and
persevered in their resolution of paying every thing, in order still to
maintain the appearance of an amicable correspondence with England. Mr
Henderson, the eminent subject of these pages, preached in the Great Church of
Newcastle, on the Sabbath day, to a large auditory. This benevolent and
enlightened Reformer had an enlarged capacity of action, and of usefulness: and
his labours contributed essentially to the good of the Public, on many
occasions. Public usefulness to others, when the Lord requires it, ought to be
preferred to retirement, and to our own special pleasures; for it is more
blessed to give, than to receive. The nation was now universally and highly
discontented. And, the great success of the Scottish army, and the very
distressed condition in which the King was, obliged him to accede to proposals
of peace a second time: and a treaty relative to this was agreed to, and
commenced at Rippon in Yorkshire, which afterward was transferred to London.'
Mr Henderson was appointed one of the Commissioners for this treaty! The state
of society both civil and religious requires, that some persons of
distinguished abilities should be employed to consult what may be most
advantaegous to the body. “It is not one of the least advantages derived
from the division of labour which takes place in a refined state of society,
that there is one class of men, whose occupation is to think for the benefit of
the rest; and who, by the constant application of vigorous talents to the great
object of public good, may produce effects which could never be expected from
casual exertions." On this remarkable occasion, the foundation was laid of that
happy conjunction between Scotland and England, both in civil and religious
affairs, which was afterward most solemnly ratified by oath. The Scottish
Commissioners, agreeably to instructions received from their constituents,
warmly urged unity in religion, and uniformity in church-government, as a
special means for the preservation of peace between the two kingdoms. At the
same time, they delivered to the English Commissioners, a paper, which is said
to have been drawn up by Mr Henderson, stating very forcibly the grounds and
reasons of what they urged, and condescending upon measures for carrying it
into effect, which paper was transmitted to the English Parliament. This paper
was of great importance, and is still preserved in MS. And an abstract of it is
given by Stevenson, vol. iii. p. 963. A favourable answer was given by the King
and Parliament, to the above demand, intimating in general, their approbation
of the affection which the Scottish subjects had expressed in their desire of
having uniformity of church government in both nations; and that, as the
Parliament had already taken into consideration the reformation of
church-government, so they will proceed therein in due time, as shall best
conduce to the glory of God, the peace of the church, and of both kingdoms.
This answer was ratified as one of the articles of the treaty. Mr Henderson was
very laborious, while he was in London, attending the above-mentioned treaty,
which was continued about nine months. The Scottish Commissioners found every
advantage in conducting their treaty; yet it was not hastily concluded. They
were lodged in the city, and had an intimate correspondence with the citizens,
with the magistrates, and with the popular leaders in both Houses of
Parliament. They warmly recommended the Religion of Jesus, and the Reformation
for which they earnestly contended ; and were the happy instruments of doing
much good in that great metropolis. Antholine's church was assigned them for
their public worship ; and here their chaplains openly worshipped God in the
Presbyterian form. Multitudes of all ranks attended this church : and there was
a great revival of religion in London, at this time.a Mr Henderson now
eminently distinguished himself, by employing all his influence and abilities,
in promoting whatever was favourable to the amelioration of mankind, Beside
taking his turn with the other eminent divines, who attended the Scottish
Commissioners as chaplain, in Antholine's church, he and they were often
employed in preaching for the London ministers, both on the Sabbath and on
other days. He prepared several useful tracts for the press. At the desire of
the English ministers he wrote some very good reasons for the removal of
Bishops out of the church, which were printed, in 1641. And Mr Baillie, in a
letter to the Presbytery of Irvine, dated, London, Feb. 28th, 1641, says “
Think not that any of us live here to be idle. Mr Henderson has ready now a
short treatise much called for, of our Church-discipline. Mr Gillespie has the
Grounds of Presbyterian Government Well Asserted. Mr Blair, a Pertinent Answer
to Bishop Hall's Remonstrance. All these are ready for the press.The polishing
of many important papers was committed to Mr Henderson and he generally
composed those respecting the Church.
While Mr Henderson was in London, he
had a private conference with the King. The particular object of this
conference was, to procure some assistance for the Scottish Universities, from
the rents formerly appropriated to the Bishops. He was well received, and had
ground to expect that his request would be obtained.
Mr Henderson returned
to Edinburgh toward the end of July in 1641. The General Assembly of the Church
of Scotland had met at St Andrew's, on the 20th of July, according to the
appointment of the former Assembly. But the Parliament, who were sitting in
Edinburgh, sent Lord Cassils, with others, to the Assembly at St Andrew's, most
earnestly entreating them to translate themselves to Edinburgh, for the
convenience of those who were chosen members of both, before chusing a
Moderator, or entering on any business of importance. Many most ardently
desired, that Mr Henderson, who was not then returned from London, should act
as Moderator of this meeting, and the members agreed that they should meet at
Edinburgh on the 27th of July, and that the former Moderator should preside
until that time. Mr Henderson had been elected a member of this Assembly; but,
as it was uncertain that he could be present, his Constituents had chosen Mr
Andrew Fairful to supply his place, in case of his absence, and Mr Fairful had
taken his seat at St. Andrew's. Mr Fairful proposed to give his seat to Mr
Henderson, upon his arrival. This was most keenly opposed by Mr Calderwood,
though he was not a member, but only allowed by favour to sit in the Assembly.
He warmly urged that Mr Henderson's commission could not now be received; and,
in this, he was seconded by Mr Henderson himself. But, upon voting, Mr
Henderson's commission was unanimously received, and sustained by the Assembly:
and he was chosen to be their Moderator, under declaration, that neither that
translation, without first chusing a new Moderator, nor election of one, whose
place as a member was supplied before he came, should be drawn into a
precedent. Mr Henderson earnestly deprecated the burden of moderating, at this
time, but it was laid upon him, by a plurality of votes. Mr Calderwood still
insisted upon the great irregularity of translating the Assembly without a
permanent Moderator, and of choosing one to be Moderator who had no Commission.
But though he spake both peevishly and unreasonably on this subject, Mr
Henderson treated him most respectfully, on this occasion, bearing all with
much patience. And prior to the dissolution of this meeting, Mr Henderson
publicly said, he regretted, that Mr Calderwood, who had deserved well of this
Church, had been so long neglected, and readily procured a recommendation of
him by the Assembly, in consequence of which he was soon afterward admitted to
the church of Pencaitland.
Mr Henderson desired that some letters should be
read, which he had brought from England, addressed to the Assembly. One of
these was from several Ministers in London and it's vicinity, expressing their
approbation of the proceedings in Scotland, in the work of Reformation, and
their expectation that the Scottish discipline would soon be established in
England. And they desired advice from the Assembly with reference to the
opinions of some of their brethren, who were inclined to independency, and
popular government in the church. The Assembly appointed Mr Henderson to write
an answer to the brethren in England; which he did with accuracy. Both letters
may be seen in the printed Acts of this Assembly.
From the particular
observations which Mr Henderson had made, during his late residence in London,
and from the friendly intercourse which he enjoyed there, both with ministers
and people, he clearly perceived that there would soon be a change in the
English Church; and that there was a considerable prospect of their approaching
to greater conformity with the Church of Scotland. This beautiful conformity
was certainly an object of great utility and importance; and Mr Henderson most
heartily concurred with his brethren in promoting it. As one of the late
Commissioners for the above-mentioned treaty, he eminently distinguished
himself by endeavouring to advance this conformity. Agreeably to this be
prudently and seasonably moved, that the Assembly should take steps for drawing
up a Confesson ot Faith, a Catechism, a Directory for all the parts of the
public worship, and. a Platform of government, in which the English and the
Scots probably might afterward agree. This notable motion was unanimously
approved; and the burden of that labour was laid on the mover; liberty being
given him, at the same time, to abstain from preaching when he should find it
necessary in attending to this very interesting business, and also of calling
in the aid of such of his brethren as he pleased. He declined this very arduous
task, but it was left upon him. And, probably, this early appointment greatly
contributed to prepare him for giving assistance in that useful and important
work, when it was afterward undertaken by the famous Assembly at
Westminster.
While this Assembly were sitting, Mr Henderson petitioned for
liberty to be translated from Edinburgh. He particularly urged that his voice
was not sufficient for any church in the town; that he was always unhealthy
there, and not so in any other place; that to keep him there was to kill him;
and that, in the act for his transportation from Leuchars, there was an express
clause, which allowed him the liberty that he now craved, when the public
commotions were settled, if he found that he was unheahhful in that town. The
Assembly were greatly perplexed by his insisting upon this petition. The
inhabitants of Edinburgh were extremely averse to his removal. Beside the loss
of that eminent man, they considered the transportation of any of their
ministers by Assemblies, as a very dangerous precedent. And they offered to
purchase an house and gardens for Mr Henderson, in an airy situation ; and
farther intimated for his encouragement, that he might cease from preaching
when he judged this necessary ; and use his freedom in going to the country, at
any time, when the state of his health required. They were the more averse to
his removal, as a petition had been presented to the Assembly for his
transportation to St Andrew's, to be Principal of the University there.
He
continued to insist for his liberty. Some reckoned that his great earnestness
for a removal from Edinburgh arose from his displeasure at the keen speeches of
some of the inhabitants against him, on account of his opposition to their
humour for innovations; but he affirmed that his health was the sole ground of
his petition; that if his health did not fail, he would continue at Edinburgh,
even though liberty was now given him to remove; and that, if he did remove, he
would not go to St Andrew's, but to some quiet country-charge. His earnest
petition was at last granted, which much grieved many of the inhabitants of
Edinburgh: but he either did not find his removal afterward necessary, or he
was prevailed upon not to use that liberty which with much difficulty he now
obtained.
The King revisited Scotland, that he might be present in person
at the Parliament, in his native kingdom, leaving both Houses of the English
Parliament sitting at Westminster, in the month of August, 1641 He was obliged
now to cultivate the attachment of the Scottish nation for the support of his
throne. He attended public worship, on the Sabbath-day, after his arrival at
Edinburgh, and heard Mr Henderson preach, the forenoon, in the Abbey-Church,
from Romans xi. 56 It is said, that he did not attend in the afternoon; but Mr
Henderson having conversed with him relative to this, he afterward punctually
attended the public worship. Mr Henderson waited on the King as his chaplain,
and was appointed to provide preachers for his Majesty during the time that he
was in Scotland, he having declared, that he would conform to their mode of
worship while he was among them. And he attended regularly family worship in
the palace, morning and evening, as perrurmed by his chaplain, in the Scottish
form. And he exhibited no symptom of dissatisfaction with the want of a liturgy
and the ceremonies. His whole deportment at this time, afforded same hope to
his Scottish subjects, who were not thoroughly acquainted with his character,
that he would not oppose. but encourage the work of Reformation On the last day
of the meeting of this Parliament, when great solemnity was observed, the King
seated on his throne, and the Estates in their places, Mr Henderson began with
prayer; and when the business was finished, he closed the meeting with a
sermon. The revenues of the Bishoprics were divided at this time: and Mr
Henderson now eminently exerted himself in favour of the Scottish Universities.
And what belonged to the Bishopric of Edinburgh, and Priory, was, by his
influence, though not without difficulty, procured for the University of that
city. The emoluments of the Chapel royal. amounting to about 4000 merks yearly,
were conferred upon Mr Henderson. as a recompense for his laborious and
expensive services in the cause of the public The King was, in general, very
accommodating and favourable to the Scottish nation, in this visit, wishing ro
obtain their concurrence against the English Parliament. Argyle was created a
Marquis; and the Lords Loudon and Lindsay were raised to the dignity of Earls.
And all parties were so well pleased, that when the King returned to England,
it was said, “ That he departed a contented King from a contented
People.” But duplicity strongly marked the King's character, and the Scots
were afraid to depend upon him, and, therefore, were obliged to join the
English Parliament, and assist them in recovering their liberties and religion.
Mr Henderson was much employed in managing the correspondence with England
respecting reformation, and religious uniformity during the year 1642. The
English Parliament having agreed to abolish Episcopacy, requested that some
ministers should be sent from the Church of Scotland to assist in the Synod
which they had resolved to convene. The Commission of the General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland, being fully authorised by them, met, and nominated
Commissioners, who were appointed that they might be ready to go to England as
soon as it should be necessary. Mr Henderson was one of those, who came under
this appointment, by the Committee. He was very averse to the appointment,
protesting that in his former journey, he thought that he should have died
before he arrived at London. But he could not be excused, and at last
acquiesced, complaining. that several persons were very forward in imposing
heavy burdens upon him, and afterward employed themselves in inventing or
receiving calumnies, or reports, which were injurious to his character. This
journey was hindered for some time, by the confusions which attended the civil
war. Mr Henderson earnestly wished a reconciliation of the parties, upon
honourable terms. Bishop Burnet says, That he joined with a number of leading
men in an invitation to the Queen to come to Scotland, upon terms consistent
with her safety and honour, with a view of promoting a mediation; but the King
rejected this proposition. Mr Henderson afterward went in person to the King at
Oxford, with the Commissioners from the State, who were sent to offer the
mediation of the Scottish nation. But their aid was more desired than their
intercession. Accordingly, their mission was unwelcome, and their reception
unfavourable. Their powers were questioned, to interpose in the internal
dissensions of England, as conservators of peace between the two kingdoms: and
their importunate demand of religious uniformity did not relish. They were
reviled and threatened by the royalists and recalled in disgust. At the first
interview, the King endeavoured to convince Mr Henderson of the justice and
necessity of his arms; but when he found that Mr Henderson was not so credulous
as he expected, his behaviour toward him was entirely different, and frowns
appeared in his countenance. Mr Henderson presented to the King, an humble
Petition from the Commissioners of the General Assembly of the Church of
Scotland, dated Jan. 4th 1643. And it is said, that Mr Henderson was the author
of the Petition, which is very probable.' It contains a complaint of the
insolence of Papists, and of others disaffected to the Reformation of Rehgion,
supplicating the King to apply his royal authority, for disbanding their
forces, and preventing their bloody projects ;-for religious uniformity, an
Assembly of Divines, the removal of the great mountain of Prelacy, and for
promoting the glorious work of Reformation. The Petition may be seen in its
original state, as given in by Mr Henderson, in Clarendon's History : and also
the King's answer to it, which was not favourable.
While Mr Henderson
remained at Oxford, some of the Doctors wished to engage him in controversy,
respecting Church.government, but, judging that it was unbecoming his
character, as a Representative of the Church of Scotland, to dispute with
private individuals, and viewing them as disposed to cavil rather than to give
or to receive information, he signified that his business was with the King. It
is said, that a Popish Dr Taylor challenged Mr Henderson to a public dispute at
Oxford; so insolent were Papists become through the Royal favour. Clarendon is
greatly offended at the distance, or, as he calls it, the great insolence,
which Mr Henderson discovered at this time. But upon his return to Edinburgh,
he gave a full account of his proceedings with the King to the Commissioners of
the Church, who expressed their entire satisfaction with his whole conduct, and
their judgement was fully approved by the next Assembly, who readily pronounced
his carriage to have been “ faithful and wise.
The Scots were greatly
dissatisfied with the uncivil treatment which their Commissioners had received
at Oxford, and being now fully convinced that the measures of the Royal party
were highly dangerous to both countries, they soon afterward entered into a
very close alliance with the English Parliament. Upon this, Mr Henderson was
sent to London, where he spent the greater part of his remaining days on the
earth.
The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which convened at
Edinburgh, on the 2nd of Aug. in the year 1643, was particularly distinguished
by the presence of Commissioners from the English Parliament, and the formation
of the famous Solemn League and Covenant. Keeping in view the deeply
interesting business of that Assembly, their attention was again turned to Mr
Henderson as Moderator, and he was the third time unanimously called to the
chair. Mr Baillie says, Our greatest consultation was for the Moderator. We
foresaw great business was to be in hand ; strangers were to be present; and
the minds of many brethren were exasperated. Mr Henderson was the only man meet
for the time.” Every thing was decently and properly conducted, in the
presence of the English Commissioners; Sir William Armyn, Sir Henry Vane,
younger, Mr Hatcher, and Mr Darley, with two Ministers of the Gospel, Mr
Stephen Marshall, and Mr Philip Nye. After an appropriate introduction, said to
have been drawn by Mr Marshall, and Sir Henry Vane, these delegates presented
their commission from both Houses of the English Parliament, giving very ample
power to the Earl of Rutland, Lord Grey, and these four above mentioned, to
treat with the Scottish Covenanters, and to the two Ministers, to assist in
ecclesiastical affairs, according to their instructions given or to be given,
or to any four of them. They also presented a declaration of both Houses to the
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, shewing their care of reforming
religion, and their desire that some of the Scottish Divines should join with
their Assembly of Divines for that end' The Royalists were a furious and
vindictive party, and very hostile to the liberties and religion of the nation.
And when the royal arms were triumphant, the English Parliament implored the
fraternal aid of the Scots, earnestly soliciting their immediate help. And with
a view to unite the nations in a very close alliance in mutual reformation and
defence, a Covenant was proposed. The English at first were for a civil League,
and the Scots for a religious Covenant. Mr Henderson gave them a draught of a
Covenant which he had composed. This at length obtained the assent of the three
Committees, of the English Parliament, of the Convention of Estates, and of the
General Assembly. Being adopted by them, it was immediately transmitted to the
General Assembly and Convention. And being introduced into the Assembly by a
very grave and appropriate speech from the Moderator, it was received with the
highest applause, and adopted with tears of much joy. It was read distinctly
the second time, by the Moderator. And, upon both ministers and ruling elders,
in general, being asked, and having freely delivered their sentiments
respecting it, the catalogue was read, and all readily and unanimously
assented. On the afternoon, it passed the Convention of Estates, with the same
cordial approbation, and it was appointed to be transmitted to the English
Parliament for their approbation. The General Assembly of the Church of
Scotland renewed the appointment of their Commission respecting the members who
were to be sent from them to assist the Assembly of Divines sitting at
Westminster: and Mr Henderson was appointed to set out immediately for London,
with a view to obtain the ratification of the Solemn League and Covenant.
On the 30th of August, Mr Henderson sailed from Leith for London, in
company with other Commissioners. The Covenant having been approved by both
Houses of the English Parliament, and by the Assembly of Divines at
Westminster, the members of the latter, with those of the House of Commons
convened in Margaret's Church, Westminster, upon the ‘25th of September;
and having first solemnly sworn, afterward subscribed it. Immediately before
they proceeded in that most important work, Mr Henderson delivered a very
appropriate and encouraging speech to them, in which he very judiciously and
warmly recommended the duty, as acceptable to God, and well pleasing in his
sight - exemplified by the people of God, and by other reformed churches and
kingdoms, both in former and later times, - as very necessary - and crowned
with the most surprising success. The reader will find the speech at the
conclusion of this work.
Mr Henderson acted a very conspicuous part in
assisting the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, as a Commissioner from the
Church of Scotland. His deportment was very grave, and highly becoming the
dignity of his station; and great deference was paid to his opinions. He always
discovered uprightness in his designs, and was indefatigable in the application
of his talents. He honourably maintained a sway over men, who, in point of
acuteness and erudition, have seldom been equalled. And when it became
necessary to vindicate the principles of the Church of Scotland, and of the
other Reformed Churches, from slanderous charges, he spoke with great facility,
and most judiciously. His wisdom was seen in speaking with great propriety on
the various subjects which were discussed. And his rare abilities were
peculiarly displayed in reconciling contending interests, and in preserving
harmony among the members of the Assembly, in the prosecution of that cause,
which they had all solemnly sworn to promote. Several very striking instances
of this kind occur in the History of the proceedings of that truly Venerable
Assembly.' But he always most strenuously resisted every attempt which was
made, with a view to introduce any principles which were opposite to those of
the Church of Scotland, and of other Reformed and Presbyterian Churches.
Accordingly, he stated himself equally in opposition to the schemes of the
Independents, and of a strong party in the House of Commons, who had imbibed
Erastian principles, denying the Divine right of Church government, and wishing
to subject the proceedings of Church judicatories to the control and review of
the Parliament.'
In the debates of the Assembly, there was often much heat.
This was partly owing to their divesting their Prolocutor, or Moderator, of all
power, as the House of Commons did their Speaker, and converting him into a
mere chair, using the language of one who was a witness of their proceedings.
Mr Henderson greatly lamented this evil, and on a fast.day, after the religious
exercises were ended, he embraced the opportunity of bringing the members to a
free and brotherly conference on the subject, in which having seen their fault,
they resolved to guard against such excesses in time to come. In the beginning
of the year 1645, Mr Henderson was appointed to assist the Commissioners of the
two Parliaments, in the treaty between them and the King, at Uxbridge. The
Parliamentary Commissioners were instructed to demand the abolition of
Episcopacy, and the ratification of the Presbyterian government. The King's
Commissioners objected to the abolition of Episcopacy, upon which it was agreed
to hear the Divines on both sides. Mr Henderson, in an elaborate speech, which
Clarendon allows was not without eloquence, opened the cause, and took up that
ground which offered fairest for bringing the controversy to a speedy
conclusion. Waving the dispute respecting the lawfulness of Episcopacy, he
said, “ That the question was not, “ Whether the government of the
Church by Bishops was lawful, but whether it was so necessary that Christianity
could not subsist without it?“ He argued that it was not; and that the
question could not be answered in the affirmative, without condemning all other
Reformed Churches. That the English Parliament had found Episcopacy a very
inconvenient and corrupt government That the Hierarchy had been a public
grievance from the Reformation downward. That the Bishops had always encouraged
Popery, and retained many superstitious rites and customs in their worship and
government; and had lately brought in many innovations, and made a nearer
approach to the Roman Communion, to the great scandal of the Protestant
Churches of Germany, France, Scotland, and Holland. That the Prelates had
embroiled the British Island, and kindled the flame which raged through the
three kingdoms. That for these reasons the Parliament had resolved to change
this inconvenient and mischievous government, and to set up another in it's
room, more naturally formed for the advancement of piety. And that this
alteration was the best expedient to unite all Protestant Churches, and to
extinguish the remains of Popery: nor could he conceive that His Majesty's
conscience could be urged against this salutary change, seeing that he had
agreed to the suppression of Prelacy in Scotland.
But the advocates for
Episcopacy were fully determined not to hazard their cause upon such grounds as
were plain to all, but endeavoured to involve the question, by introducing the
dispute at large respecting Episcopal government. Dr Stewart, who was
Commissioner for the King in religious affairs, enlarged upon the apostolical
institution of Episcopacy, and endeavoured to prove, that without Bishops the
sacerdotal character could not be conveyed, nor the sacraments administered to
any signiflcancy. Dr Stewart said, that the debate was too general, and desired
that they should dispute syllogistically, as became scholars, to which Mr
Henderson readily agreed. The dispute continued a considerable time; and though
each party claimed the victory, as is common, yet, it was said by some
auditors, who must be allowed not to have been prejudised in favour of
Pressbytery, that while Mr Henderson equalled the King's Commissioners in
learning, he surpassed them in modesty.
The treaty was broken off without
success, and Mr Henderson returned to London, and continued to assist the
Assembly of Dvines in their arduous work. This year, his health began visibly
to decline. He suffered repeated attacks of the gravel, and other diseases
which of course follow upon confinement and hard study. Toward the end of the
year 1645, it was judged necessary that Mr Henderson, with some other persons,
should go to Scotland, with a view to procure a better correspondence among the
nobility and others; but he was detained by the weather, want of health,
important business, and the importunity of friends in London.
The King's
affairs, which had been some time on the decline were entirely ruined, in the
spring of 1646. Upon this, he cast himself into the Scottish army who retired
with him to Newcastle. When he arrived there, he sent for Mr Henderson, who was
his Chaplain, to come to him. The only measure which then promised a settlement
to the nation, and the King's restoration to the actual exercise of his
authority, was his taking the Covenant, and speedily consenting to the
establishment of the Presbyterian Reformation in both kingdoms. Mr Henderson
was judged the best qualified person to deal with the King respecting a
compliance, and the removal of any difficulties with which his mind might be
embarrassed. And norwithstanding his unfitness for the journey, he complied
with the King's request, enforced by the advice and entreaties of his
fellow-commissioners; clearly shewing his public spirit for the advancement of
the interests of the Redeemer's kingdom, and for the good of his country He
arrived at Newcastle about the middle of the month of May. He received a kind
welcome from his Majesty, but he soon perceived that he would not comply with
the requisitions of his Parliaments. The King signified that he could not in
conscience consent to the abolition of Episcopacy; and proposed that Mr
Henderson should carry on a dispute with some Episcopal Divines, of whose names
he gave him a list, in his presence. This Mr Henderson declined, as what he had
no authority to undertake, and no reason to expect, when he complied with his
Majesty's request in coming to Newcastle. Mr Henderson also added, “ that
such disputations had seldom any good effect, in ending controversies, and
that, in the present instance; such a mode would be exceedingly prejudicial to
his Majesty's affairs. All that I intended was a free, yet modest expression of
my motives, and inducements, which drew my mind to the dislike of Episcopal
government, wherein I was bred in the University.” It was, therefore,
agreed, that the King's scruples, should be discussed in a series of papers,
which should pass privately between him and Mr Henderson. The papers are eight
in number, five by his Majesty, and three by Mr Henderson; continued from some
time in May, until the 16th of July. On that occasion, Mr Henderson gave the
infatuated Monarch a very good advice, to leave off exciting learned men to
dispute respecting the power or prerogative of Kings and Princes by which he
had lost very much. The neglect of that advice cost him both his crown and his
life.
Perceiving that he obstinately adhered to opinions which were
disowned by all the moderate Episcopalians, and maintained by those only who
had acted as base incendiaries between the King and his Parliaments, Mr
Henderson declined entering farther into a fruitless contest.
During the
conference with the King, Mr Henderson's health, which was considerably
impaired when he came to Newcastle, grew much worse. His constitution was now
worn out with great labour and travel. His colleagues at London, greatly
alarmed with the accounts which they received respecting him, wrote to him,
earnestly entreating that he would be careful of himself, and not allow
vexation on account of the King's obduracy to prey upon his spirits, and
increase his disorder. Mr Baillie, in a
letter addressed to him, under the date of May 16, 1646, says, “If that
man now go to tinkle on Bishops, and Delinquents, and such foolish toys, it
seems he is mad. If he have the least grace and wisdom, he may, by God's mercy,
presently end the miseries, wherein himself, and many more, are likely else to
sink. Let me entreat you for one thing, when you have done your uttermost, if
God is pleased to deny the success, not to vex yourself more than is meet. When
we hear of your health and courage, it will refresh us.”
In another
letter, dated Aug. 4, Mr Baillie writes to him as follows: “Your sickness
has much grieved my heart. It is a part of my prayers to God, to restore you to
health, and continue your service at this so necessary a time. We never had so
much need of you as now. The King's madness has confounded us all. We know well
the weight that lies on your heart.” And in another letter, dated Aug. 13,
1646, he says: “ Your weakness is much regretted here by many. To me it is
one of the sad presages of the evils coming. If it be the Lord's will, it is my
hearty prayer oft-times, that you might be lent to us yet for some time.”
Mr Henderson, having now concluded that his disease was mortal, resolved to
return to Scotland. But before he left Newcastle, he obtained an audience from
the King, and having again reminded him of the very critical situation of his
affairs, he took a final farewell of him, having faithfully discharged the
duties of his commission, and of that employment which placed him about his
Majesty's person, in the fulfilling of which he had enjoyed very little
satisfaction. In dealing with the King, Mr Henderson only failed where he
evidently could not succeed. He went to his native country by sea, and arrived
at Edinburgh on the 11th of Aug. 1646, very sick and much exhausted. He
continued so weak, that he was not able to speak much. But he enjoyed great
peace of mind, and expressed himself, in what he was able to say, very much to
the comfort of his brethren and Christian acquaintance who visited him. In a
short confession of faith, which was afterward found among his papers, and
written with his own hand, expressing, at the trying hour, his dying thoughts,
among other mercies, he declares himself “most of all obliged to the grace
and goodness of God, for calling him to believe the promises of the Gospel, and
for exalting him to be a preacher of these to others, and to be a willing,
though weak instrument, in this great and wonderful work of Reformation, which
he earnestly beseecheth the Lord to bring to a happy conclusion.” He
rested from his labours, sickness, and sorrow, on the 19th of Aug. 1646. He
died within eight days after his arrival in Scotland.'
Mr Livingston. in
his Characteristics, at the end of his Life, declares that he was present, and
saw Mr Henderson die with great peace and comfort. Baillie says, “That he
died as he lived, in great modesty, piety, and faith.” His mortal remains
were interred in Grayfriar's churchyard, Edinburgh. As he had no family of his
own, his nephew, Mr George Henderson, performed the last kind office of
humanity to his earthly part, and erected a monument over his grave with
appropriate inscriptions, which testify that Mr Henderson was very highly
esteemed by all classes. His life was much desired, and his death greatly
lamented, both in Scotland and England. A London newspaper, Perfect Diurnal,
No. 162, under the date of Aug. 3 I, 1646, says, “ This day - the only
news was by letters from the North, and first of all a sad lamentation for the
death of Mr Henderson.”
After the Restoration, when all indignity was
done to the work of Reformation, and to those persons who had been most active
in promoting it, the Earl of Middleton, the King's Commissioner, procured an
order of Parliament in July 1662, for erasing the inscriptions, and disfiguring
his monument. But at the Revolution, the monument was repaired, and the
inscriptions replaced. It still stands entire on the south-west side of the
Greyfriar's church. It is a quadrangular pillar, with an uria at the top. Mr
Henderson having died soon after his conferences with the King at Newcastle,
the Episcopalians industriously circulated the report, that he was not only
vanquished, but also converted by his Royal antagonist. But this report had not
the least shadow of foundation, and was very keenly contradicted by the
concurring testimony of all who had access to be well acquainted with Mr
Henderson's sentiments during that time. But this was not enough, for about two
years after his death, a Declaration in Mr Henderson's name, the forgery of a
Scots Episcopal Divine, was published, in which he was represented as
expressing great contrition for acceding to the proceedings of the
Presbyterians. Upon the appearance of that base pamphlet, the General Assembly
of the Church of Scotland called and examined several persons, who were present
with Mr Henderson during the conferences at Newcastle, and also during the time
which elapsed from his return to Edinburgh till his death, who declared that he
had continued to the last constant and unaltered in his sentiments; upon which
the Assembly passed an act, declaring “ the said pamphlet forged,
scandalous, and false, and the author and contriver of the same void of charity
and a good conscience, and a gross liar and calumniator, led by the spirit of
the accuser of the brethren.”
About the middle of the 18th century,
this convicted forgery was credulously revived by Mr Ruddiman, who,
notwithstanding his eminent learning, is well known to have had the weakest
prejudices on the subject of Jacobitism and Episcopacy. This was triumphantly
exposed by Mr Logan. When Mr Henderson had finished his academical studies at
St Andrew's, he was chosen Professor of philosophy and rhetoric in that
University. His talents and acquirements sufficiently recommended him to the
office. Upon the change of his mind, he became faithful Minister of the Gospel,
and a decided Presbyterian. Educated in Episcopal sentiments, and having the
fairest prospects of preferment in a rising hierarchy, he readily sacrificed
his high expectations to the word of God, and to the deep convictions of his
own conscience. He cheerfully espoused a cause, which, though honourable in the
sight of God, was much despised and borne down by men who were high in place.
He strongly resisted ecclesiastical oppression, and earnestly contended for the
faith which was once delivered unto the saints. He was very highly esteemed by
all ranks of the people, who were attached to the cause of Truth, and had much
influence with both the Nobility and Clergy, even with the greatest and wisest
men of the kingdom. He was called from his delightful retirement to the
assistance of his dear countrymen, who groaned under the oppression of
ambitious prelates, who were greatly supported by an arbitrary Court and
corrupt Statesmen. "Though he sighed after his original solitude, and suffered
from the fatigues and anxiety to which he was subjected, yet he did not
relinquish his station, nor shrink from the difficult tasks imposed upon him,
until his feeble and shattered constitution sunk under them, and he fell a
martyr to the cause.'”
Clarendon, with all his prejudices against Mr
Henderson, cannot deny that he was eloquent though he is pleased to say, that
he had more eloquence or rhetoric than logic. Bishop Guthrie, in his Memoirs,
p. 24. says; “Upon Mr Henderson all the ministry of that judgment
depended; and no wonder, for in gravity, learning, wisdom, and state.policy, he
far exceeded any of them.” Pinkerton, in his Iconographia Scotica, calls
him, “ the Franklin of the Scottish commotions.” And Grainger, a
clergyman of the Church of England, gives the following character of him:
“Mr Henderson, the chief of the Scottish Clergy in this reign, was
learned, eloquent, polite, and perfectly versed in the knowledge of mankind. He
was at the helm of Writings of affairs in the General Assemblies in Scotland,
and was sent into England in the double capacity of a divine and
plenipotentiary. He knew how to rouse the people to war, and to negotiate a
peace. Whenever he preached, it was to a crowded audience, and when he pleaded
or argued, he was regarded with mute attention.”
And a very late
writer, of great respectabilhy, says: “ Mr Henderson had talents and
acquirements which fitted him for rising to eminence; that eminence he actually
attained and preserved; and nothing but shameful ignorance or ruthless bigotry
will deny him the praise of having been both a great and a good man.~ib It is
certain, that he held a very conspicuous place, among our worthy Reformers, and
was well known and highly respected for his judicious, faithful, and important
servi. ces, in the cause of Christianity, which rendir the par ticulars of his
Life deeply interesting to us. And to give such a name a distinguished place in
the rolls of Biography, is a debt of gratitude which the public are bound to
pay, in return for benefits received.
Mr Henderson having been much
employed in public affairs, had little time to prepare works for the press. But
the few sermons of his which were published, although hastily composed amid
much business and many avocations, afford very favourable specimens of his
talents, and .clearly shew that in pulpit oratory he was inferior to none of
his contemporaries. His compositions are distinguished by accurate thinking,
appropriate illustration, and elegant simplicity of language, - and bear marks
of a vigorous and well cultivated mind. These probably will be perused with
great avidity by some persons at this present time, and may become an important
record to posterity. Beside the pieces mentioned in his Life, I have seen the
following sermons under his name, which are still extant.
(From
"Memoirs of the Westminster Divines" by James Reid)